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François de Callières, sieur de Rochelay et de Gigny (Thorigny-sur-Vire, Lower Normandy, 14 May 1645 — Paris, 5 March 1717) was a member of the Académie française, a diplomat and writer, a special envoy of Louis XIV who was one of three French plenipotentiaries who signed the Peace of Ryswick in 1697; his ''De la manière de négocier avec les souverains'', 1716 ("On the manner of negotiating with sovereigns", translated as ''The Practice of Diplomacy''), based on his experiences in negotiating the Treaty and having its origins in a letter to the Regent, Philippe, duc d'Orléans, to whom the work was dedicated, became a textbook for eighteenth-century diplomacy: Thomas Jefferson had a copy in his library at Monticello. Of this book John Kenneth Galbraith declared "One wonders why anything more needed to be said on the subject."〔Quoted on the reprint.〕 The companion volume, on the other hand, ''De la science du monde et des connaissances utiles à la conduite de la vie'' is less known, though it was quickly translated into English and was admired by Jefferson and Harold Nicolson. He was the son of Jacques de Callières, governor of Cherbourg and the author of ''La Fortune des gens de qualité et des gentilshommes particuliers, enseignant l'art de vivre à la cour suivant les maximes de la politique et de la morale'' ("The Fortune of people of quality and private gentlemen, teaching the art of living at court according to the maxims of politics and morality") His first commission, at the age of twenty-two, was on behalf of Henri, duc de Longueville, who sent him to Poland in order to press for the election of a Longueville, the comte de Saint-Pol, as King of Poland. The unlucky count was drowned in a crossing of the Rhine, and the commission came to nothing. Callières served discreetly in several European negotiations in the following years: Carlo Emmanuele II, Duke of Savoy employed him in attempting an alliance with France that was cut short by the Duke's death in 1675, but as the Savoyard envoy to Bavaria, Callières was involved in early stages of the negotiations that would eventually bring a Bavarian princess to the court of Louis as bride of the Grand Dauphin. In Paris he produced several books, including in 1688 a sensible and even-handed contribution in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, ''Histoire poetique de la guerre nouvellement declarée entre les anciens et les modernes'' ("Poetic history of the war recently declared between the ancients and the moderns"); it included a poem on the subject by Charles Perrault. On 23 December 1689 he was elected to the Académie française; his reception piece was a panegyric on Louis XIV. Three ''galante'' works followed, a volume of the latest courtly expressions and the right moves,〔''Des mots à la mode et des nouvelles façons de parler, avec des observations sur diverses manières d'agir et de s'exprimer, et un discours en vers sur les mêmes matières'' (1692) Republished by Slatkine, Geneva, 1972.〕 one reporting ''bons mots'' and witty anecdotes of railery〔''Des bons mots, des bons contes de leur usage, de la raillerie des anciens, de la raillerie et des railleurs de notre temps'' (1692) Republished by Slatkine, Geneva, 1971.〕 and one on the ''bon usage'' of the French spoken at Court, contrasted with middle-class expressions, for people of quality to avoid.〔''Du bon et du mauvais usage dans les manières de s'exprimer, des façons de parler bourgeoises, et en quoy elles sont différentes de celle de la Cour'' (1693).〕 In 1694, when the misfortunes of war〔For the current phase of the wars of Louis XIV, see the Nine Years' War.〕 and a bad harvest in France had brought Louis round to negotiating with the League of Augsburg, Callières' Polish connections in Amsterdam alerted him that the United Provinces were ready for peace. Callières in turn alerted Colbert de Croissy, who sent him in great secrecy to Flanders with Louis de Verjus accompanying Nicolas Auguste de Harlay-Bonneuil, charged with making contact with the representatives of William III. At the end of negotiations he signed the Peace of Ryswick for France in 1697, the high point of his diplomacy. His success brought him an appointment as one of the private secretaries of the king. In his memoirs, Saint-Simon gives a good character of Callières, a gentleman with the courage to tell the truth to the King. His great work begins with the maxim :"Every Christian Prince should have for a principal maxim not to employ arms to maintain and make proof of his rights, but after having tried and exhausted the route of Reason and of persuasion, and it is in his interest to join thereto as well those of benevolence, which is the surest of all ways to affirm and augment his power; but he must make use of good workers who know how to put good deeds in practice to gain him the hearts and minds of men, and it is in that principally in which consists the science of negotiation."〔"Tout Prince Chrétien doit avoir pour maxime principale de n'employer les armes pour soutenir et faire valoir ses droits, qu'après avoir tenté et épuisé celle de la raison et de la persuasion, et il est de son intérêt d'y joindre encore celle des biens-faits qui est le plus sûr de tous les moyens pour affermir et pour augmenter sa puissance ; mais il faut qu'il se serve de bons ouvriers qui sachent les mettre en œuvre pour lui gagner les cœurs et les volontez des hommes, et c'est en cela principalemant que consiste la science de la négociation." ''De la manière de négocier avec les souverains'', Chapter 1, pp. 2-3〕 Today the opening of his second chapter has stronger resonances than ever, two centuries after it was published: :"One must consider that all the States of which Europe is composed, have among them necessary liaisons and commerce, with the result that one may look upon them as members of the same Republic, and that there may scarcely arrive a significant change in some of its members that is not capable of disturbing the tranquility of all the others".〔"Il faut considerer que tous les Etats dont l'Europe est composée, ont entr'eux des liaisons et des commerces necessaires qui font qu'on peut les regarder comme des membres d'un même Republique, et qu'il ne peut presque point arriver de changement considerable en quelques-uns de ses membres qui ne soit capable de troubler le repos de tous les autres".〕 At his death, still unmarried, he left a house in the rue Saint-Augustin filled with French, Italian and Dutch paintings, a large and well-chosen library, and the bulk of his estate to the poor of Paris. == Notes == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「François de Callières」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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